Get the Object Type by using sObject Describe call in Apex

public AccountControllerExtension(ApexPages.StandardController stdController){

// Get the record of sObject (e.g. Account, Contact etc.) by using the method "getRecord()" of StandardController
    sObject sObjectRecord = stdController.getRecord();

// Get the object type specifically by using Apex sObject Describe call
// In this case it will be Account
    String objectType = sObjectRecord.getSObjectType().getDescribe().getName();  

// Verify the Object Type
System.Debug('>>Object Type<<'+objectType);

}

Get the Picklist Values by using sObject Describe call in Apex

// Contains all Account.Industry values
Set<String> IndustryValues = new Set<String>();

// Get Account.Industry values from the field on Account object
Schema.DescribeFieldResult accountIndustry = Account.Industry.getDescribe();

List<Schema.PicklistEntry> accountIndustryValues = accountIndustry.getPicklistValues();        
for(Schema.PicklistEntry industryValue: accountIndustryValues){
IndustryValues.add(industryValue.getValue());
}

System.Debug('>>Account Industry Values<<'+IndustryValues);

Result should be as follows

>>Account Industry Values<<{Agriculture, Apparel, Banking, Biotechnology, Chemicals, Communications, Construction, Consulting, Education, Electronics, ...}

Convert Complex String into Normal Format in Apex

// An array contains lst of Strings 
// Name, Title/Role, Company Name 
List<String> lstIntroductionWords = new List<String>{'Marc Benioff', 'CEO', 'Salesfore.com'};

// A string contains senetence template for the introduction
String templateIntroduction = 'My name is {0}. I am The {1} of {2}.';    

// A string contains sentence with complete words populated in a template sentence
String completeIntroduction = String.format(templateIntroduction, lstIntroductionWords);    

// See the complete sentence for the introduction
System.Debug('>>Introduction<<'+completeIntroduction);

Result should be as below sentence
>>Introduction<< My name is Marc Benioff. I am The CEO of Salesfore.com.

Convert String into Acceptable DateTime in Apex

// API Response DateTime = 2015-03-16T16:04:56.0000000+00:00
// Acceptable Format = 2015-03-16 16:04:56

// DateTime in String format
String dateTimeInString = '2015-03-16T16:04:56.0000000+00:00';

// Convert String into DateTime using "replace" method of String and "Valueof" method of DateTime
DateTime acceptableDateTime = DateTime.Valueof(dateTimeInString.replace('T', ' ')); 

System.Debug('>>Acceptable DateTime :<<'+acceptableDateTime);

Result

>>Acceptable DateTime :<< 2015-03-16 16:04:56