Get the Object Type by using sObject Describe call in Apex

public AccountControllerExtension(ApexPages.StandardController stdController){

// Get the record of sObject (e.g. Account, Contact etc.) by using the method "getRecord()" of StandardController
    sObject sObjectRecord = stdController.getRecord();

// Get the object type specifically by using Apex sObject Describe call
// In this case it will be Account
    String objectType = sObjectRecord.getSObjectType().getDescribe().getName();  

// Verify the Object Type
System.Debug('>>Object Type<<'+objectType);

}

Get the Picklist Values by using sObject Describe call in Apex

// Contains all Account.Industry values
Set<String> IndustryValues = new Set<String>();

// Get Account.Industry values from the field on Account object
Schema.DescribeFieldResult accountIndustry = Account.Industry.getDescribe();

List<Schema.PicklistEntry> accountIndustryValues = accountIndustry.getPicklistValues();        
for(Schema.PicklistEntry industryValue: accountIndustryValues){
IndustryValues.add(industryValue.getValue());
}

System.Debug('>>Account Industry Values<<'+IndustryValues);

Result should be as follows

>>Account Industry Values<<{Agriculture, Apparel, Banking, Biotechnology, Chemicals, Communications, Construction, Consulting, Education, Electronics, ...}